Drug delivery technologies are now receiving significant attentiveness from pharmaceutical companies. The main purpose of developing alternative drug delivery technologies is to growth efficiency and protection of drug delivery and furnish more convenience for the patient. Ample explore conducted while the past several years has lead to the development of technologies that meet the significant criteria for delivering the drug straight through a non-invasive route. One of such technologies is transdermal drug delivery.
Transdermal drug delivery is the non-invasive delivery of medications from the covering of the skin - the largest and most accessible organ of the human body - straight through its layers, to the circulatory system. Medication delivery is carried out by a patch that is attached to the body surface. Transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive pad that is designed to issue the active ingredient at a constant rate over a duration of several hours to days after application to the skin. It is also called skin patch. A skin patch uses a special membrane to control the rate at which the drug contained within the patch can pass straight through the skin and into the bloodstream.
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The first transdermal patch was popular ,favorite by the Fda in 1979. It was a patch for the treatment of appeal sickness. In the mid-1980s, the pharmaceutical associates started the development of a nicotine patch to help smokers quit smoking, and within a few months at the end of 1991 and beginning of 1992 the Fda popular ,favorite four nicotine patches.
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Today drugs administered straight through skin patches consist of scopolamine (for appeal sickness), estrogen (for menopause and to prevent osteoporosis after menopause), nitroglycerin (for angina), lidocaine to relax the pain of shingles (herpes zoster). Non-medicated patches consist of thermal and cold patches, weight loss patches, nutrient patches, skin care patches (therapeutic and cosmetic), aroma patches, and patches that measure sunlight exposure.
Advantages and disadvantages of transdermal drug delivery
Transdermal drug delivery systems offer several foremost advantages over more original approaches, including:
- longer duration of activity resulting in a allowance in dosing frequency
- Increased convenience to administer drugs which would otherwise wish frequent dosing
- improved bioavailability
- more uniform plasma levels
- reduced side effects and improved therapy due to maintenance of plasma levels up to the end of the dosing interval
- flexibility of terminating the drug administration by simply removing the patch from the skin
- Improved inpatient compliancy and relax via non-invasive, painless and uncomplicated application
Some of the greatest disadvantages to transdermal drug delivery are:
- possibility that a local irritation at the site of application
- Erythema, itching, and local edema can be caused by the drug, the adhesive, or other excipients in the patch formulation
The main components of a transdermal patch are:
Transdermal patch may consist of the following components:
- Liner - Protects the patch while storage. The liner is removed prior to use.
- Drug - Drug solution in direct experience with issue liner
- Adhesive - Serves to bond the components of the patch together along with adhering the patch to the skin
- Membrane - Controls the issue of the drug from the depot and multi-layer patches
- Backing - Protects the patch from the outer environment
Types of transdermal patches
There are four main types of transdermal patches:
Single-layer Drug-in-Adhesive
In this theory the drug is included directly within the skin-contacting adhesive. In this type of patch the adhesive layer is responsible for the releasing of the drug, and serves to bond the various layers together, along with the entire theory to the skin. The adhesive layer is surrounded by a temporary liner and a backing.
Multi-layer Drug-in-Adhesive
The Multi-layer Drug-in-Adhesive is similar to the Single-layer Drug-in-Adhesive in that the drug is incorporated directly into the adhesive. The multi-layer theory adds another layer of drug-in-adhesive, normally separated by a membrane. This patch also has a temporary liner-layer and a permanent backing.
Reservoir
The depot transdermal theory develop includes a liquid compartment containing a drug solution or suspension separated from the issue liner by a semi-permeable membrane and adhesive. The adhesive component of the goods can either be as a continuous layer between the membrane and the issue liner or as a concentric configuration around the membrane.
Matrix
The Matrix theory has a drug layer of a semisolid matrix containing a drug solution or suspension, which is in direct experience with the issue liner. The adhesive layer in this patch surrounds the drug layer partially overlaying it.
The future of transdermal drug delivery
Transdermal drug delivery is theoretically ideal for many injected and orally delivered drugs, but many drugs cannot pass straight through the skin because of skin's low permeability. Pharmaceutical associates develop new adhesives, molecular absorption enhancers, and penetration enhancers that will improve skin permeability and thus greatly progress the range of drugs that can be delivered transdermally.
Two of the better-known technologies that can help achieve significant skin permeation enhancement are iontophoresis and phonophoresis (sonophoresis). Iontophoresis involves passing a direct electrical current between two electrodes on the skin surface. Phonophoresis uses ultrasonic frequencies to help change high molecular weight drugs straight through the skin.
A newer and potentially more promising technology is micro needle-enhanced delivery. These systems use an array of tiny needle-like structures to open pores in the stratum corneum and facilitate drug transport. The structures are small adequate that they do not reach the nerve endings, so there is no sensation of pain. These systems have been reported to greatly improve (up to 100,000 fold) the permeation of macromolecules straight through skin.
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